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Showing posts with label Botany. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Botany. Show all posts
Continuation of survey of algae
A. Last time 1. Kingdom Monera: Class Cyanobacteriae (Class Cyanobacteria (cyano)) 2. Kingdom Protista: Phylum Euglenophytya (euglena), Phylum Chromophyta (Class Chrysophyceae and Class Bacillariophyceae (silica)), and Phylum Dinophyta (pirate ship) B. This time 1. Kingdom Protista: Phylum Rhodophyta (red), Phylum Chlorophyta (chlorophyll), Phylum Chromophyta (Class Phaeophyceae (fart)) C. Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae - red): mostly marine - use agar for food 1. Eucaryotic, cellulosic walls, complex life cycles 2. Found at great depths 3. Used in agar, in baked goods to prevent drying out and running of icing, as an ice cream thickener, and in toothpaste D. Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae - chlorophyll): photosynthetic pigments similar to that of plants 1. Green algae found predominantly in fresh water 2. Contain chlorophyll a and b, cellulosic walls, and stored starch 3. Ancestors of higher plants? 4. Diverse morphology - unicellular, filamentous, colonial, sheetlike E. Phylum Chromophyta (Class Phaeophyceae) (brown algae - fart): largest algae, used as food 1. Brown algae that contain cellulose in cell wall 2. Largest algae, conducting stuff from above (near sun) to below 3. Most complex algae 4. Dominant generation, in some cases, is diploid
Introduction of Algae
General characteristics
A. Algae - O2-evolving
photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll a, no vascular tissue, usually
single-celled reproductive organs, usually aquatic
B. Very diverse - includes organisms
from two kingdoms
C. "Algae" is an artificial
group rather than a truly phylogenetic taxon
II. Kingdom
Monera: procaryotic, including bacteria,
usually lack cellulose
A. Class Cyanobacteriae (Class
Cyanobacteria (cyano)): blue-green
algae, Chl a & phycobilins (give blue-green color)
III. Kingdom
Protista: eucaryotic, often
single-celled, and often possessing cellulose walls
A. Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) -
mostly marine - used for agar and food
B. Phylum Euglenophyta (like euglena -
protozoans) - closely related to some protozoans
1. Mostly unicellular, motile
flagellates, fresh water species
2. Lack a cell wall
3. Can ingest food; photosynthesis not
required
C. Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae -
chlorophyll): photosynthetic pigments
similar to that of plants
D. Phylum Dinophyta (dinoflagellates -
pirate ship): work with Bacillariophyceae to make phytoplanktin and also cause
"red tides"
1. Unicellular,
flagellated, cellulosic plates under plasma membrane
2. Some forms luminescent and
contribute towards glow of water when disturbed by passing ships
3. Cause red tides - toxic
E. Phylum Chromophyta (yellow-green
algae, golden-brown algae, diatom and brown algae)
1.
Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae
- name sounds like a fart): largest algae - used as food
2.
Class Chrysophyceae (golden-brown algae): in the plankton of
bodies of fresh
water, have two
flagella and photoreceptor
3.
Class Bacillariophyceae (the
diatoms - silica)): major components of phytoplankton
a)
Single cells, with silicified walls made of overlapping halves
(looks like a
petri
dish)
b) Major
components of phytoplankton (float round on top of water)
c)
Used for filters, and as an additive to provide bulk and stability
(cement
and plaster)
Bryophytes
GENERAL
BOTANY note
COMMENT: WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF PLANTS!! (WE'RE NOW IN KINGDOM PLANTAE)
I. General
characteristics of the Bryophyte Phyla
A. Similarities to algae
1. Produce free-swimmin' sperm that
travel through water to reach the eggs
2. No vascular system
3. No lignified tissue
4. Lack roots and true leaves
B. What makes Bryophytes members of the
Kingdom Plantae?
1. Eucaryotic
2. Lack chitinous walls (cellulose
instead) & photosynthesis
3. Embryos have a jacket of sterile
cells encasing reproductive cells
C. Special characteristics of
Bryophytes
1. Eggs formed in archegonia; sperm produced in antheridia
2. Chief photosynthetic body is the
gametophyte (haploid) - note that Bryophytes demonstrate the sporic life cycle
(sporophyte & gametophyte)
3. Structure is usually thallus
4. Uses: ecological importance, aesthetic value,
absorbing ability, food, and medicine
5. May be the evolutionary link
between algae and higher plants
II. Characteristics
of Bryophyte Phyla
A. Phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts -
"HHHHEEEEPPPPPTTTTT!!!! [liver]") - small, green, ribbon-shaped
plants
1. Two generations: gametophyte (predominant) and sporophyte
2. Ribbon-shaped thallus can often
form a rosette
3. Female part (archegonia) has a head
that looks like a palm tree (archegoniophore);
male part (antheridia) has a head that looks like an umbrella
(antheridiophore)
4. Collective term for archegonia and
antheridia is gametangia
B. Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts -
"antlers [horns]"): looks like
liverwort except that the sporophyte has a much longer structure
1. Two generations: gametophyte is a ribbon-shaped thallus and
sporophyte towers over the gametophyte
2. Hornworts are unique because they
only have one large chloroplast per cell and those chloroplasts have pyrenoids
(mosses and liverworts have many chloroplasts and lack pyrenoids)
C. Phylum Bryophyta - (true mosses -
"musk"): conspicuous small
plants which almost appear leafy
1. Two generations: gametophyte and sporophyte both easily
recognized
a) Gametophyte can be protonema
(creeping, filamentous stage) or moss plant with upright or horizontal stem
bearing small, spirally arranged green leaves
2. Morphology - gametophyte like
underbrush and sporophyte like a tree towering the forest
3. Like other Bryophytes, archegonia
and antheridia exist
a) Homothallic (monoecious) -
gametophytes have both parts
b) Heterothallic (dioecious) - parts
on separate gametophytes
4. Generalized pattern of reproduction
a) Sperm swim from antheridium to
fertilize the egg in archegonium
b) Fertilization - zygote is 2n - it
develops into sporophyte w/ foot, seta, and sporangium
c) Sporangium (capsule) lengthens and
grows above the gametophyte
d) At some point, cells inside
sporangium divide to make haploid spores
e) End of old archegonium (calyptra)
falls off sporangium
f) The end of the capsule (operculum)
falls off to reveal peristome teeth
g) Under dry conditions, teeth open and
release spores
h) Spores are haploid and germinate to
make a protonema
i) Protonema grows to become another
gametophytic plant with characteristics of moss
Jim Bidlack
Difference between Gymnosperms & Angiosperms
______ INTRODUCTION TO
ANGIOSPERMS _______
Angiosperms:
dominant plants of the world Nearly all croplands, forests,
shrublands, grasslands, and deserts
How are angiosperms different from
gymnosperms? (Note: angiosperms probably arose from gymnosperms)
|
Generation
|
Gymnosperms
|
Angiosperms
|
|
Sporophyte
|
1.
Staminate and ovulate cones
2.
Usually sieve cells and tracheids
|
1.
Flowers, stamens, and carpels
2. Sieve cells with companion cells, tracheids
and vessels
|
|
Gametophyte
|
1.
Usually motile sperm
2.
Reduced archegonium
|
1.
Nonmotile sperm
2. Little archegonium (synergids?)
|
|
Fertilization
|
1.
Single fertilization (no endosperm)
|
1.
Double fertilization (endosperm)
|
Angiosperms
I. General
information
A. Angiosperms probably arose from
gymnosperms
B. Important evolutionary advances of
angiosperms
1. Vegetative - improved vascular
system (vessels & companion cells)
2. Reproductive - flowers
II. Flower
structure and physiology
A. Major taxonomic components
1. Symmetry
2. Numbers - sepals, petals, stamens,
pistils (stigma, style, & ovary)
3. Free or united sepals & petals
B. Phenomena associated with flower
induction
1. Photoperiodism
a) Day-neutral plants - flower
independently of day length
b) Long-day plants - flower in
response to short nights (corn, wheat, and clover)
c) Short-day plants - flower in
response to long nights (poinsettia, chrysanthemums, Christmas cactus)
2. Circadian rhythm - biological clock
3. Vernalization - cold treatment
III. Specific
reproductive advances
A. Increase in sporophytic generation;
less gametophytic
1. When unfertilized, less effort is
made towards reproductive structures
B. Enclosure of ovules
1. Leaves fold and join at the margins
to form carpels
2. Carpel walls (fruit walls) mature
into a structure that aids in seed dispersal
3. Protection
C. Double fertilization
IV. Phylogeny
(evolution) and classification
A. Phylum Magnoliophyta (formerly
Anthophyta)
1. Subphylum Monocotyledonae
2. Subphylum Dicotyledonae
B. Besseyan System
1. Spiral to whorled flowers
2. Many to few flower parts
3. Hypogyny (Superior Ovary; flower
situated sepals, petal, stamens, pistils) to epigyny (parts arise from the
ovary (inferior ovary)
4. Regular to irregular flower
5. Three main lines of advance
a) Magnoliaceae (magnolia) ===>
Rosacea (roses) ===> Asteraceae (sunflower)
b) Magnoliaceae (magnolia) ===>
Malvaceae (cotton, okra) ===> Lamiaceae (mints)
c) Magnoliaceae (magnolia) ===>
Lilaceae (lilies) ===> Graminae (grasses)
Propagation and Plant Ecology
I. Types of propagation
A. Sexual (seed)
B. Asexual (vegetative)
II. Reasons for vegetative propagation
A. Generate clones from superior plants
B. Maintain genotypes used in synthetic varieties
C. Propagate varieties which are poor seed producers
D. Propagate genotypes with unusual chromosomes or that
demonstrate sterility
III. Tissues for asexual propagation
A. Stolons
B. Rhizomes
C. Crowns (dividing)
D. Stem cuttings
E. Leaves - tissue culture
________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. Levels of biological organization
A. Subatomic particles - electron, proton, neutron
B. Atom - smallest unit of an element
C. Molecule - two or more atoms
D. Protein - a large molecule
E. Organelle - stuff inside the cell
F. Cell - smallest living unit
G. Tissue - group of specialized cells
H. Organ - one or more types of tissues
I. Organ system - two or more organs
J. Multicellular organism - an individual
K. Population - group of same species that can potentially
interbreed
L. Community - populations of all species that occupy a
habitat
M. Ecosystem - a community and its physical surroundings
N. Biome - an ecosystem occupying an extensive geographical
area
O. Biosphere - that part of the earth occupied by living
organisms
P. "SAM POCTOOMP Can Eat Big Bananas"
V. Biomes of earth
A. Tundra - cold, dry, treeless plains (Wyoming, Alaska)
B. Taiga (also coniferous forest) - pine trees (Canada - USA
border)
C. Deciduous Forest -
deciduous trees (Eastern and East of Oklahoma)
D. Tropical Rain Forest - lots of vegetation (Florida)
E. Savanna and Prairie - grasslands (Western and West of
Oklahoma)
F. Desert - evaporation exceeds rainfall (Arizona)
VI. Ecosystems and pollution
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