I. Pollination - definition and
breeding pattern
A. Pollination - transfer of pollen from the anther to the
stigma
B. Breeding pattern
1. Plants are at the mercy of pollen
carriers (vectors)
a) Plants pollinated by vectors which
travel great distances
1) Wind & bumblebees - lead to
"effective" breeding populations
b) Plants pollinated by vectors which
travel short distances
1) Small insects - localized breeding
populations
II. Pollination systems: self- and cross-pollination
A. Self-pollination - plants pollinated by their own pollen
1. Many cultivated plants (beans,
peas, and tomatoes)
a) Good/bad news of self-pollination
1) Homozygosity (more uniform)
2) Focus on adaptation to environment
(desert animals)
B. Cross-pollination - plants receiving pollen from other
plants
1. Pollination by insects, wind,
birds, mammals, and water
2. Mechanisms to prevent
self-pollination (most plants)
a) Self-incompatibility mechanisms - Camellia
b) Timing mechanisms (readiness of
stigma & anther) - lily and amaryllis
c) Sex parts on different plants
(dioecious) - ginkgo, willow, and poplar
3. Good/bad news of cross-pollination
a) Heterozygosity
b) Focus on diversity and survival in
environment
III. Regulatory factors of pollination
vectors - maximization of pollination efficiency
A. Wind pollination - no color, little scent, small, and
often dioecious
B. "Rewards" provided by the plant
1. Food (insects, birds, and mammals)
a) Pollen, nectar, and oil
2. Sensory (insects, birds, and
mammals)
a) Odor, visual (shape, size, color),
temperature, motion
C. Attracting pollinators
1. Most pollinators
a) Attracted to a single showy flower
b) Bees cannot perceive red light - but
can perceive UV light
1) Bees mostly attracted to yellow and
blue flowers (w / UV stuff)
2. Animal pollinators (insects and
mammals)
a) FOOD!!! - nectar, oil, pollen, etc.
b) Rest area - warmth, breeding, etc.
c) Odor - sweet, fruity, sexy, etc.
3. Insect pollinators
a) Color & nectar guides
b) Odor - sweet, fruity, putrid (flies
& beetles), "female-like"
4. Specific insects: moths and butterflies
a) Day and night flowers
b) Moths - flowers emit fragrance at
night
c) Some butterflies see red light
5. Birds
a) Can see red light
b) Flowers usually not scented, but
brightly colored (cacti, columbines, hibiscus, bananas, etc.)
6. Mammals - bats, marsupials, and monkeys
a) Bats - strong, fruity odors
b) Others (climbers) - possum, monkey
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