Mammals in Wild

Mammals are some of the most beautiful, amazing animals on our planet Earth. They come in all shapes and sizes – from armadillos to whales!  Mammals share very distinct similarities that might surprise you.

Mammals belong to the animal class Mammalia. They share specific  characteristics that differ from other animals. For one, nearly all mammals are warm-blooded and give birth to live young, rather than laying eggs.

Female mammals are the only creatures on our planet that make milk  for their young. The milk is produced through the mother’s mammary glands, which are located on the chest and upper groin area. The milk is rich in vitamins and special nutrients crucial to a baby animal’s needs.

Unlike our cold-blooded reptile friends such as snakes, who require morning sunlight to warm up, mammals are virtually ready to start the day instantly. Their bodies make enough heat to hold a consistently warm temperature.

While most mammals live on land, bats (yes, bats are mammals) have taken to the skies, and various sea cows and whales live in the oceans. Another characteristic found in most mammals is in their specialized teeth. The teeth are replaced just once during an individual’s life, which is known as diphyodonty. The first teeth of a mammal are referred to as milk teeth, much like humans.

Scientists believe that large marine mammals like whales and dolphins have brains much like those of humans. They are able to communicate, follow instructions, and figure things out.

Mammals have larger, more well-developed brains than other animals. Most mammals have good memories and are able to learn new things. This means that mammals can learn to survive in new situations and in new places if they need to. This is called adapting.

Polar Bears have hair (fur) on the bottom pads of their feet to keep them warm, and to help them grip icy surfaces. The hollow, thick hairs of the polar bear’s waterproof fur coat hold in the body heat and are buoyant, which helps the animal float easier in water. Most mammals have a fur coat with two distinct layers; an undercoat of shorter dense hair and an outer coat of longer stiffer hairs.  Mammals are the only animals with hair or fur that protects it agains the elements – heat, cold, wind, rain, bacteria, and even infection.

It is believed that approximately 5,000 species of mammals exist within approximately 25 different classifications or classes. Scientists disagree with these exact numbers and on how some orders relate to others.

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Biological Data of Elephant

Life span: Late 30s to more than 50 in the wild and in zoos

Gestation: 20 to 22 months

Number of young at birth: 1

Age of maturity: 13 to 20 years

Size: Females average 8 feet (2.4 meters) tall at the shoulder; males average 10 to 10.5 feet (3 to 3.2 meters)

Size: African forest elephant averages 8 feet tall at the shoulder

Weight: African elephant females up to 8,000 pounds (3,600 kilograms); males up to 15,000 pounds (6,800 kilograms)

Weight: Asian elephant females average 6,000 pounds (2,720 kilograms); males average 11,000 pounds

Weight at birth: 110 to 264 pounds (50 to 120 kilograms)

Size at birth: 26 to 42 inches (66 to 107 centimeters) tall at the shoulder.

A unique nose :

An elephant's trunk is both an upper lip and a nose. There are 8 major muscles on each side of the trunk and 150,000 muscle fascicles (portions of muscles) for the entire trunk. There are no bones or cartilage in this unique appendage. An elephant's trunk is so strong it can push down trees and so agile that it can pick up a single piece of straw. Elephants also use their trunk like we use our hands: to grab, hold, pick up, reach, touch, pull, push, and throw. The trunk is still a nose, too, and has two nostrils at the end that suck air up the long nasal passages and into the lungs. Elephants also use their trunks to drink, but the water doesn’t go all the way up the nose like a straw; instead, the elephant sucks water only part way up the trunk, curls it toward its mouth, tilts its head up, and lets the water from the trunk pour in. 

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Eco Behavioral Adaptation of Camel

Ships of the desert

Camels were domesticated more than 3,000 years ago, and to this day, humans depend on them for transport across arid environments. They can easily carry an extra 200 pounds (90 kilograms) while walking 20 miles (32 kilometers) a day in the harsh desert. Camels can travel as fast as horses but can also endure legendary periods of time without food or water. Humans have used camels for their wool, milk, meat, leather, and even dung, which can be used for fuel. The dromedary camel, also known as the Arabian camel, exists today only as a domesticated animal. About 90 percent of the world’s camels are dromedaries. There are two types of Bactrian camels: wild and domesticated. Wild Bactrian camels are much trimmer, with smaller humps and less hair, than domesticated Bactrian camels.

One hump or two?

The dromedary camel has one hump and the Bactrian camel has two. What’s the easiest way to remember the names? Think of the capital letter D lying on its side with just one hump: D stands for dromedary. Now think of the capital letter B on its side with two humps: B for Bactrian! But what’s in those humps? They store fat, not water. The fat becomes an energy source for the camel. The length of time a camel can survive on this stored energy depends on climate and the animal’s activity levels. The size of the hump can change, depending on the amount of food the camel eats. When food is scarce, the camel’s body uses the fat stored in the hump, causing the hump to lean over and droop. A camel can go a week or more without water, and it can last for several months without food. It can survive a 40 percent weight loss and then drink up to 32 gallons (145 liters) of water in one drinking session!

At home in the sand

Swirling desert sand can be a problem for most of us, but camels have special adaptations for the pesky stuff. A thin nictitating membrane on each eye, like a clear inner eyelid, protects the eyes from sandstorms while still letting in enough light for camels to see. Double rows of extra-long eyelashes also help keep sand out of the eyes. And camels can close their nostrils to keep sand out of their nose, too! Their large, broad feet are heavily callused; they expand when stepped on and contract when lifted to simplify walking in sand or snow.

Hot and cold

 Bactrian camels, native to the Gobi Desert in China and the Bactrian steppes of Mongolia, grow a shaggy coat in the winter for protection from the freezing cold and shed the coat during the hot summer. These camels can survive a wide range of temperatures, from minus 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 29 degrees Celsius) to 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius)! Domesticated dromedary camels are found throughout desert areas in North Africa and the Middle East. A feral population of dromedary camels lives in Australia. The camels were imported in the 19th century as pack animals and were used to cross the vast desert regions there.

 The spitting image

 Do camels really spit? Yes, and it’s most unpleasant. They aren’t actually spitting, though—it’s more like throwing up! They bring up the contents of their stomach, along with saliva, and project it out. This is meant to surprise, distract, or bother whatever the camel feels is threatening it. You can tell if a camel is about to spit: its cheeks fill up and bulge. You’d think a large animal like a camel would be safe from predators, but it is known that Bactrian camels have been attacked at water holes by wolves.

Food in the desert

Camels are diurnal and spend their day eating. They are very clever at finding food in their harsh desert environment. Each half of the split upper lip moves independently, so camels can get near the ground for eating short grass. These tough but flexible lips can break off and eat vegetation such as thorns or salty plants; they even eat fish. Camels are ruminants, like cows, and they regurgitate the food back up from their stomach to chew it again. When they do that, smelly gasses come up as well, making for some pretty potent breath! At the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park, the camels are offered Bermuda and Sudan hay and herbivore pellets.

 Say what?!

 Highly social, camels live in herds with a dominant adult male; males that have been chased out of the group form bachelor herds. They make many sounds, including moaning and groaning sounds, high-pitched bleats, loud bellows, and rumbling roars. Mothers and their newborns hum to each other. A friendly way one camel may greet another is by blowing in its face. Various positions of the head, neck, ears, and tail have different meanings in camel society, too. For example, ears forward indicates alertness; the tail curled over the back is a sign of submission.

Baby humps

 When she is about a give birth, an expectant mother removes herself from the herd and finds a private area covered with vegetation for her calving spot. After a gestation of 12 to 14 months, a newborn camel is able to walk beside the mother within half an hour. The calf has no humps but small peaks of hide, each topped with a tassel of curly hair to indicate where the humps will form. Mother and young return to the herd in about two weeks. Camel calves nurse for 10 to 18 months, depending on species and the availability of food. They do not reach full adult size until about age seven.

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Biological Data of Camel

Life span: Median life expectancy is 17.8 years

Gestation: 12 to 14 months, depending on species

Number of young at birth: 1, rarely 2

Age of maturity: Females, 3 years; males, 5 to 7 years

Size: Bactrian - 10 to 11.5 feet (3.2 to 3.5 meters) long

Size: Dromedary - 7.2 to 11.2 feet (2.2 to 3.4 meters) long

Size: Bactrian - 5.2 to 5.9 feet (1.6 to 1.8 meters) tall at shoulder

Size: Dromedary – 5.9 to 6.6 feet (1.8 to 2 meters) tall at shoulder

Weight: Bactrian - 990 to 1,100 pounds (450 to 500 kilograms)

Weight: Dromedary – 880 to 1,320 (400 to 600 kilograms)

Weight at birth: Bactrian - 70 to 75 pounds (32 to 34 kilograms)

Weight at birth: Dromedary – 57 to 114 pounds (26 to 52 kilograms)

Scientific Classification

Class: mammalia (Mammals)

Order: Cetartiodactyla

Family: Camelidae

Genus: Camelus

Species: bactrianus (Bactrian camel)

Species: dromedarius (dromedary camel)

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Facts of Antelope

Fun Facts:

-Royal antelope calves are so small, they can rest in the average person's open hand.

-The dik dik’s distinctive snout is elongated and somewhat flexible.

-A gerenuk’s pointed muzzle helps the graceful antelope pick the delicate leaves of acacias from among the thorns.

-Desert antelope, like addaxes and Dama gazelles, do not need to drink water—they get moisture from their food.

-The rabbit-size royal antelope was referred to as king of the hares, which morphed into the moniker of royal antelope. Liberians refer to it as a jackrabbit or tricky-jack, and it is revered for its speed and nimbleness.

-Male impalas have a strange way of attracting females or warning off other males: they repeatedly stick their tongue out in a display known as tongue flashing.

-The highest jumper in relation to body side is the klipspringer: at about 2 feet (60 centimeters) tall, this tiny antelope can jump 15 times its own height.

-Rheboks have a fast gallop, up to 40 miles (64 kilometers) per hour and are good jumpers and climbers. This is probably the reason the popular Reebok sneakers were named after them.

-The springbok is the nation animal of South Africa and the name of a South African rugby team.

-The gnu migration is a big tourist attraction in East Africa. More than 1 million gnu migrate through the area as they follow shifting rainy seasons for grass and water.

-The duiker’s name comes from the Afrikaans/Dutch word for diver and refers to its practice of diving into tangles of shrubbery.

It’s all about horns…

All antelope have horns; in some species they are only found on the males, whereas in others, such as gazelles, both males and females have them. The horns are made of a bony core encased in a hard material made largely of keratin (the same substance our fingernails are made of!). Horns are permanently attached, unlike a deer’s antlers, which are shed each year.

Some horns, like those of the addax and blackbuck, twist in interesting spirals; others are ridged or corrugated, like those of the impala and the sable antelope; still others grow in wide curves with a sharp point on the end, like those of the gnu.

…and hooves

Hooves are another specialty for many antelope. Each hoof has a split down the middle, dividing the hoof into two toes. Lechwes, which live in swampy areas, have long, pointed hooves to give them sure footing in the water. Slender-horned gazelles have sturdy, wide hooves for walking on the shifting sand of their desert habitat. And klipspringer have tiny, rounded hooves with a pad in the center that acts like a suction cup, allowing these nimble antelope to hop from rock to rock without falling.

At home in a habitat

The majority of antelope are native to Africa, but there are some species living in the Middle East and Asia. Most live in open grasslands, but the smaller duikers, most sunis, and royal antelope live in Central Africa’s rain forests or wooded areas, dik diks live in arid bush country with heavy vegetation, and mountain sunis dwell in the highland forests of southern Kenya. Waterbuck, as their name suggests, and lechwe are never far from water.

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Do giraffe drink?

Do giraffe drink?

If given the chance - yes!

However, in the deserts of northwest Namibia and other arid environments, giraffe absorb the majority of their moisture from condensation (and coastal fog) that gathers and is absorbed from the leaves during the much cooler nights and from coastal fog that covers part of the desert on two out of three nights.

Where water is readily available giraffe will often drink daily with splayed forelegs and/or bent knees to enable their long neck to reach down to the water. 

Giraffe are browsers and select mainly leaves and buds on trees and shrubs. Herbs, climbers and vines are also eaten, likewise flowers and fruit are preferred when in season. The proportion of grass in the diet is very low. Acacia leaves and shoots form the bulk of the giraffe's diet in most areas.

Giraffe use their extremely dexterous and long tongue, as well as the ridged roof of their mouth to help feed on a variety of leaves and shoots – all dependant on the plants defences!

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How long Giraffe Neck? Its Anatomy

Giraffe Neck

One of the distinguishing characteristics of the giraffe is its long neck.                                    

1. Feeding

With the aid of its long neck, a giraffe is able to reach leaves, fruit and flowers high up in Acacia's and other sought after tree species. It is thus equipped to exploit a 6 foot band of foliage beyond the reach of all other terrestrial browsers except the elephant. The 18 inch (45 cm) tongue and a modified atlas-axis joint that lets the head extend vertically further increase the height advantage. Giraffe can browse the crowns of small trees; big bulls can reach 19 feet, a yard higher than cows. They feed mainly on broad leaved deciduous foliage in the rains and on evergreen species in other seasons.

2. Lookout

The giraffe's height also helps it to keep a sharp lookout for predators across the wide expanse of the African savanna, essentially a tall 'sentinel'.

3. Necking

Bulls, although also cows have been observed, have developed an elaborate ritualized fight called 'necking' that helps to most likely establish dominance. They repeatedly swing their long neck to deliver powerful head-butts to their rival's body and underbelly. A reinforced skull usually absorbs the impact of these blows, but occasionally an animal is knocked unconscious and very rarely even dies during such a fight.

4. Blood Supply

A giraffe's heart, which can weigh up to 11 kg, has to generate around double the normal blood pressure for a large mammal in order to maintain blood flow to the brain against gravity. In the upper neck, a complex pressure-regulation system called the the rete miribale prevents excess blood flow to the brain, when the giraffe lowers its head to drink. Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure (because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them). In other animals, such pressure would force the blood out through the capillary walls. Giraffe, however, have a very tight sheath of thick skin over their lower limbs which maintains high extravascular pressure in exactly the same way as a pilot's g-suit.

5. Structure

Surprisingly, even with its long neck, the giraffe has the same number of vertebrae in its neck as humans do. Giraffe have seven cervical vertebrae, but each one can be about 10 inches long.

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Do all giraffe have horns?

Do all giraffe have horns?

Giraffe 'horns' are not actually called horns but 'ossicones' and both female and male giraffe have them. Ossicones are formed from ossified cartilage and are covered in skin.

Giraffe are born with their ossicones, however, they lie flat and are not attached to the skull to avoid injury at birth. They only fuse with the skull later in life.

Both female and male giraffe have a main pair of ossicones, however the females' are thin and tufted, while males' are mostly thicker and bald on top as a result of frequent sparring over time. In some (sub)species males grow a second pair of ossicones behind the first pair.

Ossifications on the head of male giraffe add weight, which often increases with age enabling a bull to deliver ever heavier blows during sparring contests. Fatal combat is rare but does occur.

Sometimes male have three horn ! One is found between the horn.

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Characteristics of Murrah Buffalo

. Murrah:

 Origin and distribution : The name ``MURRAH`` means ``CURLED`` or ``DELHI`` referring to its centre of origin. The original home of murrah is Rohtak in Haryana. This breed widely distribution in india and pakistan.
Characteristics:
 i) Body colour - The color of skin and hair is yet black but animals with reddish-frown hair occur and white marking on tail, face and extrimities.
ii) Horns - They have short , styled tightly curled horns.
iii) Eyes - are bright and active, prominent in females and slightly shruken in males.
iv) Ears - are short, thin and alert.
v) Body shape - The animal is masive, stockily built with a short, broad back and light neck and head. The udder is well developed. The hips are broad and fore-quarters and hind quarters are dropping. The tail is long reaching up to fet lock with a white switch or partially white.
Utility and production :
i) Live wt - Male - 550kg (average), Female-450kg.
ii) Milk yield of pedegru herds - 1800 liter per lactation (270-305days) and fat 7%. Milk Yield vary from 1030-2907 litre per lactation.

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Classification of Buffalo

classification of Buffalo

Domestication buffaloes are classified into two types:
I) River type
ii) swamp type

I) River type: They prefer the clean water for wallowing. The breed of this type are divided into various group as follows :
a) Murrah group: I) Murrah  ii) Nil-Ravi.
iii) Kundi iv) Godavari
b) Gujarat group: I) Surti  ii) Mehsana
iii) Taffrabadi
c) Uttar pradesh group: I) Bhadawari ii) Tarai
d) Central India group : I) Nagpuri ii) Manda iii) Pandharpuri iv) sambal puri v) Jerangi Vi) Kalahandi
e) South India group: I) Toda ii) South kanara iii) Parlakinodi
II) Swamp type: This types of buffalo are found in China and south-east Asia and like to wallowing in the mud. e.g. I) kwa kum and kwaitui ii) kwaipra iii) Red Buffalo iv) Marie

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Jaffarabadi Breed of Buffalo

Jaffarabadi : 

Origin and distribution :
 This breed is widely distributed in gir forest area of gujrat state ( kutch, junagadh and jamnagar districts) around the zaffarabad town from where the breed has been identified.    
charcteristic:
color--The body color is usually black but white marking on the face and legs below the knee.
horns-- The horns are heavy and broad .sometimes cover the eyes.they are inclined to droop on each side of then neck and turn up at the points into an incomplete coid.the forehead is very prominent.
Neck--is thick,broad and has a strong developed dewlap and massive brisket.
Ears--are large and dropping.
Body shape-- the animals are massive and long barreled. the body is large and not compact. the udder is well developed and broad.
Utility and production:
 the average body weight adult bull 600 kg,female 460 kg.
 good animals may produce 14-18 litre milk of high fat content daily. the milk is valued for the preparation of ghee.
 milk yield may rang 1800-2700 litre per lactation.

bull/males are famous for halving heavy loads.

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Terminology related to Cattle Dog & Cat

TERMINOLOGY

Cattle
cattle:Cattle is often used to describe the whole species without considering sex of the family Bovidae,genus,Bo's
Bull:An adult uncrasted male bovine used for breeding purposes.
Bull calf:A male calf under one year.
Hefier calf:A female calf under one year.
Yearling bull:An uncrasted male bovine between one and two year.
bullok/steer:A castrated male bovine of over two years.
Hefier/quey:A female bovine over one year which has not yet calved.
Ox:A castered male bovine used primarily for drought purposes.
Cow:A mature female bovine having at least one calf.
Calf/Toly:A young bovine of either sex up to one year of age.
Slink calves:Calves which has been aborted or those which are found in the uterus at slaughter.
Calf at foot:Female with its offspring.
Buller/Bull cow:A cow always apparently in oestrus.
Bulling:Describe a cow on heat.

Dog

Dog:adult male.
Bitch:adult female.
pub:young one,either sex.
Whelping:act of parturition.
Cat
Kilten:young one.
Mews:sound producted by cat.
Queening:act of parturition.

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Chicken Breed

Egg Layers

While all chickens can lay eggs, not all chickens can lay enough eggs to suit everyone's needs. Some chickens can only produce a few eggs a week, while others can produce hundreds over the course of the year, and even into winter months. We've broken our breeds into categories that let you know which chickens are known for their eggs, and which just don't cut it.

Meat Breeds

Sometimes chickens are just there to be food, but not evey chicken will make a good meal. Some chickens are justtoo scrawny to be very useful as a meat bird, and otherse will be huge but mature too slowly to be consideredviable as a dinner chicken. And others still are just a breed that's consdierd endangered, so raising them forslaughter becomes counter-productive.

That's why proper breeding tactics will come into place with your meat production chickens. Knowing how to reedthem together to ensure every new clutch of eggs will yield the biggest and best chickens for the job is critical,and we can give you some tips on how best to plan.

We'll even give you some recipes here and there when the time comes for your chicken to live out his ultimatepurpose and fulfill his destiny. Just be careful about growing too attached!

Show Poultry

Not all chickens are kept just to produce eggs or meat. A lot of breeds find their primary skill to be simplylooking good and acting well, making them excellent for taking around for poultry shows and winning awards.

Finding the correct bird and knowing the breed standards will help, but there's more to it than that. There'sgrooming and, depending on the breed, special care that must be given to protect its health and the health of itsfeathers.

We'll be able to let you know which breeds are popular for touring and what special care they need, includingany special lodging or fencing accommodations, plus any dieases that they may fall prey to due to selectivebreeding.

Big Chickens or Small Chickens??

Chickens come in all different sizes, from the tiny bantam breeds to hulking meat birds just ready to be cooked.Size matters immensely as it will determine how much meat they can produce, how large their eggs will be and howmany they can lay in a year, how fast they will mature, and simply how much space they'll take up.

Planning for the right size chicken for the space you have or the goal you've set is critical, but once you knowwhat you want then the rest will become simpler. Sometimes what works for a large farm won't work for a smallhomestead, and vice versa. There's a chicken for every situation, and we have the rundowns to help you indetermining just how big they will become.

Caring For Chickens

Every breed has different qualities that make then unique, beyond just their primary use. Some have specialfeathers that let them survive in cold climates better. Others are great when it comes to foraging for their ownfood.

Knowing the temperament of each breed before going in will help when deciding which breeds to raise together assome chickens are very calm and friendly around humans while others are rather flighty and even like to fight withone another. Hens can become broody and roosters can become loud with theri crowing. Each breed is different andeach requires the proper knowledge to raise the proper bird.

Some chickens are built for all weather and all hazards, and some need extra care. Knowing is half the battle,and we're here to arm you with the right tools to tackle each aspect of chicken life, from hatching eggs to raisingthem to maturation, to breeding new chicksn, and the inevitable end to a great life. So browse our profiles andarticles with confidence knowing that a wonderful chicken is just right around the corner!

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Cattle Breed : Guernsey, Shahiwal, Sindhi

Guernsey

Origin and distribution: This breed was developed and named from one of the island between France and England in the English channel isle of Guernsey.cattle are beleived to have been brought to the island from Normandy and Brittany in France.
Physical characteristics:
The animals have a shade of fawn with white markings clearly defined,preferably a clear (buff) muffle.
They have good length of head,horns,incline forward,are refined and medium in length.
The milk is especially yellow in color, golden yellow skin pigmentation,the un-haired portions of the body are light or pinkish in color.Calf is relatively small at birth.
Utility and production:
Adult male 600-800kg weight, female 400-500kg.
They produce an average 4000 litre of milk per lactation and contains 5% fat. 13,484 litre milk in 365 days have been recorded.

Shahiwal

Synonyms:Lola, Montgomery, Lambi-bar, Multani.
Origin and distribution:this breed originated in the district of Montgomery in west punjab, Pakistan, from which the name Montgomery is derived. This is one of the most productive of tropical dairy breeds which has been exported to many parts of the tropical world including Indo Bangladesh.
Physical characteristics:
Shahiwall is a large, heavy built,loose, short legged, deep, rather fleshy animal and lethargic in appearnce.
The cost color is varied ,with reddish clean being rather common and others are pale red, dark brown and occasionally almost black flecked with white.
The skin is loose and pliable, the hair very fine and glossy.
The head is broad and massive in the male and the ears are mediun in size with black hair on the fringes.
The horns are very short and thick and loose horns are common in female.
The hump of the male is massive and frequently falls to one side.
The udder is generally large with good sized teats and the udder becomes pendulous as the lactation number increases.
Utility and production:
Although sahiwal is basically a dairy breed,cattle of  this type can be used for beef and work purposes.
They produce 2150 litre milk in 300 days (per lactation).Under rural management and 4000-5000 litre under farming management system.
Adult male weight 455-590 kg, female 272-409kg.

Sindhi

Synonyms:Red sindhi, Red Karachi, Malir.
Origin and distribution:The orginal herd was founded at Malir outside Karachi in pakistan and they may have derived from hill-type Cattle.The home base of the breed is now around Karachi and Hydrabad.It has been exported all over the tropical world and used for upgrading indigenous Cattle ,particularly for milk production.
Physical Characteristic:
The Red sindhi is a medium to small sized animal with a deep, compact frame and rounds drooping quarters.
The coat color is usually red, varying from dark red to dum yellow, often white on the dewlap and the forehead.
The color is darker on the shoulders and thighs in the male.
The hair is soft and short, the skin is loose, medium thickness and usually pigmented.
The ears are of moderate to large size and drooping.
The horns are thick at the base and emerge laterally curving upwards and ending in blunt points.
The hump is medium size and well developed in male.
They have pendulous dewlap and sheath.
The legs are short and long tail.
The udders are size able with medium sized teats.
The udder has a tendency to become pendulous.
utility and production:
Red sindhi is considered one of the best dairy breeds in the indian sub-continent, though it is used for light work.Adult male wt-450-500kg, Female-300-350kg.
Milk yield 1100 litre per lactation (300 days) but well breed herds on average 1800 litre and upto 5443 litre have been recorded.

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