- Biological molecules
I. Types of biological molecules
A. Inorganic - cofactors, catalysts, equilibria, etc., many
participate as part of or with organic molecules
B. Organic - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids,
porphyrins, and secondary plant products
II Classification, structure, and
function of major biological molecules
A. Carbohydrates
1. Sugars and related compounds -
ENERGY
a) Glucose & fructose
1) Hexoses of central importance in
cell metabolism
b) Sucrose - a disaccharide composed of
glucose and fructose - major translocated carbohydrate in plants
c) Polysaccharides
1) Starch - branched polymer of glucose
a) Amylose - linear polymer (α-1,4)
b) Amylopectin - branched polymer (α-1,6)
c) Easily hydrolyzed to glucose
d) Major storage carbohydrate
2) Cellulose - linear polymer of
glucose
a) Glucose units connected differently
(β-1,4)
b) Difficult to hydrolyze
c) Structural carbohydrate (along with
hemicellulose, {xylose, arabinose}, lignin {coniferyl, coumaryl, synapyl
alcohols}, and pectin {galactose})
B. Lipids
1. Glycerol and related compounds -
FAT STORAGE, COATING, & MEMBRANES
a) Triglycerides (fat) - linoleic and
linolenic acid
b) Coating (wax, cutin) - ester (RCOOR)
of above with 20 - 28 carbons
c) Membranes (phospholipids) - fatty
acid replaced by phosphate (hydrophilic & hydrophobic) membrane fluidity
C. Proteins
1. Enzymes - CATALYZE REACTIONS;
METABOLISM
a) Amino acids - from translation of
RNA
a) Peptide bonds
D. Nucleic acids - GENETIC INFORMATION
1. DNA: Adenine, guanine (purines), thymine, &
cytosine (pyrimidines)
2. RNA: Adenine, guanine (purines), uracil, &
cytosine (pyrimidines)
E. Phorphyrins
1. Chlorophyll - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
a) absorb photons
b) transfer electron to acceptor - then
protolysis to replace it
F. Secondary products
1. Phenolics (anthocyanins, tannins) - PIGMENTATION,
RESISTANCE
2. Steroids & terpenoids - SCENTS,
RESISTANCE, (used by man for RUBBER)
3. Alkaloids - RESISTANCE (used by man
for DRUGS such as CAFFEINE, COCAINE, MORPHINE, etc.)
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